Unless this report indicates otherwise, all years referred to are calendar years.Īll dollar amounts are expressed in 2019 dollars and are rounded to the nearest hundred. Numbers in the text, figure, table, and exhibits may not add up to totals because of rounding. (The Gini coefficient is a standard measure of income inequality that summarizes an entire distribution in a single number that ranges from zero to one.) The degree to which transfers and taxes reduced income inequality increased over that same period. Income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficients for income both before and after transfers and taxes, rose between 19. Average federal tax rates fell between 19 across the income distribution, with the sharpest decline in the lowest quintile. Higher-income households typically paid a higher average federal tax rate than lower-income households. As a percentage of income before transfers and taxes, means-tested transfers rose over the 41-year period, primarily driven by an increase in Medicaid spending. Between 19, households in the lowest quintile received more than half of all means-tested transfers. Means-tested transfers are cash payments and in-kind benefits from federal, state, and local governments that are designed to assist individuals and families who have low income and few assets. Between 19, average income, both before and after means-tested transfers and federal taxes, grew for all quintiles (or fifths) of the income distribution, but it increased most among households in the highest quintile. Households at the top of the income distribution received significantly more income than households at the bottom. This report presents the distributions of household income, means-tested transfers, and federal taxes between 19 (the most recent year for which tax data were available when this analysis was conducted). The Congressional Budget Office regularly analyzes the distribution of income in the United States and how it has changed over time. Adjusting Income to Account for Differences in Household Size.Measures of Income, Federal Taxes, and Means-Tested Transfers.Reduction in Income Inequality Stemming From Means-Tested Transfers and Federal Taxes, 1979 to 2019 Income Inequality As Measured by the Gini Coefficient, 1979 to 2019 Shares of Income Before and After Transfers and Taxes, 2019 Shares of Income After Transfers and Taxes, 1979 to 2019 Cumulative Growth in Income After Transfers and Taxes Among Households in the Highest Quintile, 1979 to 2019 Trends in the Distribution of Income After Transfers and Taxes, 1979 to 2019 Average Household Income After Transfers and Taxes, 2019 Average Refundable Tax Credit Rates Among Selected Income Groups, 1979 to 2019 Average Federal Tax Rates, by Tax Source, 1979 to 2019 Average Federal Tax Rates, by Tax Source, 2019 Average Federal Tax Rates Among Households in the Top 1 Percent, 1979 to 2019 ![]() Average Federal Tax Rates, by Income Group, 1979 to 2019 ![]() Average Federal Tax Rates, by Income Group, 2019 ![]() Average Means-Tested Transfer Rates Among Households in the Lowest Quintile, by Type of Transfer, 1979 to 2019 Average Means-Tested Transfer Rates Among Selected Income Groups, 1979 to 2019 Average Means-Tested Transfer Rates Among Selected Income Groups, by Type of Transfer, 2019 Shares of Income Before Transfers and Taxes, 1979 to 2019 Composition of Income Before Transfers and Taxes Among Households in the Top 1 Percent, 1979 to 2019 Cumulative Growth in Income Before Transfers and Taxes Among Households in the Highest Quintile, 1979 to 2019 Trends in the Distribution of Income Before Transfers and Taxes, 1979 to 2019 Composition of Income Before Transfers and Taxes, 2019 Average Household Income Before Transfers and Taxes, 2019
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